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Law enforcement institutions perform highly segmented roles to facilitate the delivery of public security. In the broadest sense, the law enforcement sector may comprise:
- Community Police
- Investigations
- Border management services
- Penitentiary services
- State Emergency or Civil Protection services (if not managed as a separate agency)
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Security sector institutions and their employees must be accountable to an independent judiciary for their actions. Depending on the precise traditions of legal systems, relevant judicial activities can include:
- prospective, or retrospective, review and authorisation of specific security operations;
- judicial investigations into offenses committed by security institutions’ personnel;
- prosecuting security sector personnel for infringements of national civil and criminal law and applicable international laws;
- maintaining jurisprudence through the interpretation of laws affecting national security.
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The intelligence services of democratic nations serve a key function in identifying many types of transnational threats. Domestic, foreign, and counter-intelligence services should be managed and resourced separately to prevent their instrumentalisation by narrow, vested political interests. Whilst information-sharing can be regulated, the political management of each agency should have the objective of ensuring the maintenance of public and human security within any given jurisdiction. A collection of international and regional best practices reflects the consensus on ensuring the accountability of intelligence agencies and their non-interference in domestic and international politics.
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Transparency International (TI), an independent international organisation, was created in 1993 with the aim of fighting corruption. Its mission is to “stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society”. Its fundamental values are: “transparency, accountability, integrity, solidarity, courage, justice and democracy”. The organisation has more than 100 national divisions worldwide and an international secretariat based in Berlin who work with governments, businesses and civil society to tackle corruption. In line with its fundamental principles and mission, TI’s resources, funding and spending are made public here.
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‘Human rights defender’ is a title used to describe people who, individually or with others, act to promote, or protect, human rights. Human rights defenders can act to address any human right, or rights, issues on behalf of individuals or groups. Defenders seek to promote and protect civil and political rights as well as the broader promotion, protection, and realisation of economic, social, and cultural rights.